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|image_map2 = France 1939.png |image_map2_caption = France in September 1939 Dark blue: Metropolitan territory of the Republic Light blue: Colonies, mandates, and protectorates of France |capital = Paris |national_motto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" |national_anthem = フランス語:"La Marseillaise" |common_languages = French |religion = Catholicism, disestablished 1905 |currency = French Franc | |title_deputy = President of the Council of Ministers |deputy1 = Louis Jules Trochu |year_deputy1 = 1870–1871 |deputy2 = Philippe Pétain |year_deputy2 = 1940 | |title_leader = President |leader1 = Adolphe Thiers (first) |year_leader1 = 1871–1873 |leader2 = Albert Lebrun (last) |year_leader2 = 1932–1940 | |legislature = Parliament |house1 = Senate |house2 = Chamber of Deputies | |stat_year1 = |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = 35565800 |stat_year2 = |stat_pop2 = |today = |footnotes = |width = 265px }} The French Third Republic ((フランス語:La Troisième République), sometimes written as ''フランス語:La IIIe République'') governed France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, to 1940, when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the Vichy France government. The end came July 10, 1940 when the National Assembly of the Third Republic under its last President Albert Lebrun delegated all constitutional powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain of the rump French State in the ''Zone libre'' in the south of France. The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by the Franco-Prussian War, which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of Alsace-Lorraine, social upheaval, and the establishment of the Paris Commune. Early governments of the Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy; however, confusion as to the nature of that monarchy, and who among the various deposed royal families would be awarded the throne, caused those talks to stall. Thus, the Third Republic, which was originally intended as a transitional government, instead became the permanent government of France. The French Constitutional Laws of 1875 gave the Third Republic its shape and form, consisting of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate forming the legislature, and a President serving as the head of state. Issues over the re-establishment of the monarchy dominated the Presidency of the first two Presidents, Adolphe Thiers and Patrice de Mac-Mahon, though a series of republican presidents during the 1880s ended any hope of a monarchy. The Third Republic established many French colonial possessions as France acquired French Indochina, French Madagascar, French Polynesia, and large territories in West Africa during the Scramble for Africa, all acquired during the last two decades of the 19th century. The early years of the 20th century were dominated by the Democratic Republican Alliance, which was originally conceived as a centre-left political alliance, but over time became the main centre-right party. The period from the start of World War I to the late 1930s featured sharply polarized politics, between the Democratic Republican Alliance and the more Radical socialists. The government fell during the early years of World War II, as the Germans occupied France and was replaced by the rival governments of Charles de Gaulle's Free France (''La France libre'') and Philippe Pétain's Vichy France (''L'État français''). Adolphe Thiers called republicanism in the 1870s "the form of government that divides France least"; however, politics under the Third Republic were sharply polarized. On the left marched Reformist France, heir to the French Revolution. On the right stood conservative France, rooted in the peasantry, the Church and the army, led by Traditionalists. In spite of this, the Third Republic endured seventy years, making it the longest lasting system of government in France since the collapse of the ''Ancien Régime'' in 1789. ==Background== (詳細はFranco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 resulted in the defeat of France, and the overthrow of Emperor Napoleon III and his Second French Empire. After Napoleon's capture by the Prussians in the Battle of Sedan, Parisian Deputies established the Government of National Defence as a provisional government on 4 September 1870. This first Government of the Third Republic, headed by the President, General Louis Jules Trochu, ruled during the Siege of Paris (19 September 1870 – 28 January 1871). As Paris was cut off from the rest of unoccupied France, the Minister of the Interior, Léon Gambetta, governed the provinces from the city of Tours. After the French surrender in January 1871, the Government of National Defence disbanded and national elections (excepting the territories occupied by Prussia) aimed at creating a new French government took place. The resulting conservative National Assembly elected Adolphe Thiers as head of a provisional government, nominally フランス語:"''chef du pouvoir exécutif de la République en attendant qu'il soit statué sur les institutions de la France''" (head of the executive power of the Republic pending a decision on the institutions of France). Due to the political climate in Paris, the conservative government was based at Versailles. The new government negotiated the peace settlements with the newly proclaimed German Empire, resulting in the Treaty of Frankfurt, signed on 10 May 1871. To oblige the Prussians to leave France, the government passed a variety of financial laws, such as the controversial ''Law of Maturities'', to pay reparations. In Paris, resentment against the government arose and from late March – May 1871 Paris workers and National Guards revolted and established the Paris Commune, which maintained a radical left-wing regime for two months until its bloody suppression by Thiers' government in May 1871. The following repression of the ''フランス語:communards'' would have disastrous consequences for the labor movement. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「French Third Republic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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